Germanium compounds and products are created across multiple stages of the production flowsheet from raw materials to semiconductor substrates. The process begins with germanium concentrate, which is chlorinated and purified into GeClâ‚„, hydrolyzed to GeOâ‚‚, and reduced to Ge bars. These bars are then used to grow crystals via Czochralski pulling, which are further refined into high-purity crystals or processed into semiconductor wafers.
By producing germanium in different forms at each stage, we support a circular business model that emphasizes sustainability, resource efficiency, and minimal waste. This approach ensures traceability and quality while enabling diverse applications across photonics and semiconductor industries.Â